“Doctor is touched by…woman’s devotion” to her husband with locked-in syndrome

Many of us in the PSP and CBD communities feel as though our family members are “locked in.”  This is a sweet article in the LA Times by a physician who was touched by a woman’s devotion in caring for her husband with locked-in syndrome.

Robin

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articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/17/health/he-practice17

IN PRACTICE
In watching a wife tenderly care for her husband, who can blink but can’t move, a doctor is touched by the woman’s devotion.
By Steve Dudley, Special to The Times
December 17, 2007

In a corner of a room he shares with three other residents at the nursing home, a patient with a curious illness stares out the window at an empty bird-feeder.

He holds his arms in a curious, characteristic way — elbows and wrists hyperflexed so that his hands are tucked under his chin, like a child in prayer.

Mr. Fletcher has been bedridden for years. He can’t talk, can only moan. He can’t move other than to blink or shift his gaze. The only sign of responsiveness is that his eyes will sometimes follow stimuli, either of voice or hand movement.

Although he cannot move, his sensations are still intact. This means that Mr. Fletcher can still feel pain like you or I, or have that annoying itch that he cannot scratch. And people like Mr. Fletcher have their reasoning fully intact. They can think, dream, hope and reflect upon their endless prison.

Mr. Fletcher has what is commonly referred to as “locked-in syndrome” — the result, occasionally, of a rare form of stroke, happening viciously and suddenly, often striking down people in the prime of life after head trauma.

In Mr. Fletcher’s case, it happened more slowly. He has supranuclear palsy, a degenerative condition of the central nervous system that usually afflicts the very elderly, although Mr. Fletcher is only in his early 60s. It’s a cousin of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, an insidious condition with symptoms that might start as mild gait abnormalities or difficulty with eye movements and gradually develop over years.

Nobody knows what causes it, and treatments are essentially palliative: You really can’t do a thing for those who suffer from it other than to keep them comfortable.

Mr. Fletcher has been admitted for some rehabilitation as he transitions from the hospital, after a partial bowel obstruction, back to his home. A team of therapists, nurses and aides and, most importantly, his wife, is here to care for him. I suspect that his wife, the one with the least formal training, understands him best.

I’d like to tell you about her.

I am visiting another patient in Mr. Fletcher’s room when Mrs. Fletcher arrives and proceeds to wash him with a moistened towel.

Carefully and tenderly, she alternates between wiping and drying, turning him first one way, then another. Patiently, meticulously and ever so gently, she bathes him.

After she finishes with the bathing, she rubs her husband down with lotion, massaging it into his skin until it is supple. Then the shaving begins. She lathers his face and, with smooth, efficient strokes, manages to remove a three-day growth of stubble. You can see his eyes sparkle as she winds up her ministrations.

I try not to stare. It seems intrusive, to watch them together, intimate, in an interaction almost as private as making love.

She is caring for this man for all she is worth. Being with him, cleaning him, giving of herself to him and receiving at the most a blink or grunt in return.

Now that’s love. That’s commitment. In a time when people get divorced for the most superficial of reasons, it is a tremendous encouragement to see true love in action.

Mr. Fletcher is a handsome black man with beautiful ebony skin. His wife is Vietnamese. I imagine they met during the Vietnam War when he was a dashing GI and she was a scared young woman whose homeland was being split in two.

As I watch her bathe him, I reflect on what their early years together might have been like. Running on the beach, staying out till dawn, picnics, favorite restaurants and lots of dancing — they look like a couple who used to dance a lot.

I read of a young guy over in France, barely in his 40s, who became locked-in after a stroke. He had been a magazine editor. With the patience of Job, he dictated a book by blinking to a scrivener.

He referred to himself as feeling like a captive in a diving bell. One can only imagine the terror and loneliness of being in this state. You’re completely dependent upon others for all your needs, though you cannot voice any of them. Too warm? Too cold? Too bad.

And the people who are there to help often treat you as someone who cannot understand, as if you’re in a coma.

I’ve seen only one other patient who was locked-in, and that was back in medical school. We were on “physical diagnosis” rounds. That’s where a group of sleepy-eyed doctors in training dutifully follow their chief resident all over the hospital looking for interesting cases.

We popped into this guy’s room. I can’t remember his name. For that matter, I don’t know if we were ever told. He was just the interesting case on the eighth floor. As we lined the bed, we were grilled by a supervising resident about the case before us. This drill, known as “pimping,” is endorsed as a useful, hands-on, didactic exercise — and it may serve its purpose, but more commonly it devolves into brash showmanship at best and downright intellectual bullying at worst.

And we were pimped about the poor gentleman who was locked-in. He just lay there, hearing every word we spoke about him.

Not once did anyone address him directly or acknowledge that he was a person of any real worth. He was simply an exercise in learning, a specimen.

As I watch Mrs. Fletcher, I reflect on that experience. I am struck by the contrast between a devoted wife and a group of doctors-in-training making their cursory visit before moving on to the next interesting case.

She is so kind to him, devoted, caring. I suppose that is what the marriage vows mean when they speak of “in sickness and in health.” Here is tangible evidence of someone being faithful to that promise. I’m sure it is way more than she bargained for, but she dispatches her duties willingly, without resentment.

When you’re young, you take your health for granted. Slowly, it is taken away from even the strongest of us. That day, Mrs. Fletcher taught me volumes about the timelessness of love and the gift of health.

Steve Dudley is a family physician in Seattle.

 

 

Gaze Control and Foot Kinematics: PSPers Climbing Stairs

This abstract about a progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) study was published recently on PubMed.  The conclusions were not surprising.

Here’s one:

“Deficits in gaze control may influence stepping behaviors and increase the risk of trips or falls during stair climbing.”

The full abstract is copied below.

Robin

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Physical Therapy. 2007 Dec 11 [Epub ahead of print]

Gaze Control and Foot Kinematics During Stair Climbing: Characteristics Leading to Fall Risk in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Di Fabio RP, Zampieri C, Tuite P.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Graduate Programs in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Does gaze control influence lower-extremity motor coordination in people with neurological deficits? The purpose of this study was to determine whether foot kinematics during stair climbing are influenced by gaze shifts prior to stair step initiation.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twelve subjects with gaze palsy (mild versus severe) secondary to progressive supranuclear palsy were evaluated during a stair-climbing task in a cross-sectional study of mechanisms influencing eye-foot coordination. Infrared oculography and electromagnetic tracking sensors measured eye and foot kinematics, respectively. The primary outcome measures were vertical gaze fixation scores, foot lift asymmetries, and sagittal-plane foot trajectories.

RESULTS: The subjects with severe gaze palsy had significantly lower lag foot lift relative to lead foot lift than those with a mild form of gaze palsy. The lag foot trajectory for the subjects with severe gaze palsy tended to be low, with a heading toward contact with the edge of the stair. SUBJECTS:with severe gaze palsy were 28 times more likely to experience “fixation intrusion” (high vertical gaze fixation score) during an attempted shift of gaze downward than those with mild ocular motor deficits (odds ratio [OR]=28.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]=6.4-124.8). Subjects with severe gaze shift deficits also were 4 times more likely to have lower lag foot lift with respect to lead foot lift than those with mild ocular motor dysfunction (OR=4.0, 95% CI=1.7-9.7).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The small number of subjects and the variation in symptom profiles make the generalization of findings preliminary. Deficits in gaze control may influence stepping behaviors and increase the risk of trips or falls during stair climbing. Neural and kinematic hypotheses are discussed as possible contributing mechanisms.

PMID: 18073265  (see pubmed.gov for this abstract)

PSP Blurb in Neurology Now, Nov/Dec ’07 (by Golbe)

Neurology Now is a publication for patients and families on neurological topics. This month’s issue has an “Ask the Experts” question on PSP. It’s written by Dr. Golbe and has no content we haven’t already seen.

I have emailed Dr. Golbe in the past as to why he recommends anticholinergics (Ambien, Detrol, Oxybutynin) to those with PSP, and have never received a reply. Maybe someone else can give it a shot!?

http://www.neurologynow.com/pt/re/neuro … -00023.htm

DEPARTMENT: ASK THE EXPERTS
Your Questions Answered: PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY
Neurology Now: Volume 3 (6), November/December 2007, p 37

Queston:
My husband was just diagnosed with progressive supranuclear palsy. Is there any treatment for this disease?

Answer by Lawrence I. Golbe, M.D., professor of neurology at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. (He is also director of Research and Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of CurePSP, the Society for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.)

Progressive supranuclear palsy is a rare brain disorder that causes serious and permanent problems with control of gait and balance. People with this disease may also experience changes in their mood and behavior (such as depression and apathy), as well as difficulty with organizing mental tasks and dealing with abstractions. These problems slowly worsen over time. Eventually, most people also develop problems with swallowing and eye movement.

The drugs levodopa-carbidopa (Sinemet) or amantadine (Symmetrel) may provide modest and temporary relief for the limb stiffness that interferes with movement. However, dosages of amantadine beyond 100 mg twice a day may cause confusion, and if there is no benefit within a week, you should stop taking it. The levodopa-carbidopa should be titrated up (meaning the doctor will increase the dosage level until it produces an effect) to at least 1,200 mg per day before concluding that it is ineffective.

Donepezil (Aricept) or other memory drugs intended for Alzheimer’s disease may help with dementia symptoms. Depression may be treated with antidepressants, sleepiness with modafinil (Provigil), and insomnia with a sleeping medication such as zolpidem (Ambien)-however, it usually is not a good idea to take modafinil and zolpidem together because they have opposite effects. The urinary urgency may respond to tolterodine (Detrol) and oxybutynin (Ditropan), though these drugs often worsen the constipation that comes with the disease.

A swallowing evaluation, during which a doctor will usually take an x-ray of the person swallowing, should be performed as soon as he or she starts to cough on liquids. The disinhibition that is often part of this disease is a result of degeneration of the brain’s frontal lobe and may cause people to overload the mouth or to suddenly stand and run while eating.

While physical therapy helps little with balance, it can help doctors determine the best devices to aid gait and can be also be used to prescribe a safe exercise regimen to improve joint flexibility.

Applause sign (clap test) – updated research

Here’s some new research that probably speaks to the results that Dubois got in ’05 when he and other French researchers said that the “applause sign helps to discriminate PSP from FTD and PD.”

This newly-published research looks at those with PD and “various forms of atypical parkinsonism.” (I’ll have to get the full article to know which forms were included.) These Dutch researchers found: “Although the proportion with an abnormal clapping test was significantly higher in atypical parkinsonism, the clapping test did not discriminate well between Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonism.”

Journal of Neurology. 2007 Oct 15; [Epub ahead of print] Diagnostic accuracy of the clapping test in Parkinsonian disorders.

Abdo WF, van Norden AG, de Laat KF, de Leeuw FE, Borm GF, Verbeek MM, Kremer PH, Bloem BR.
Parkinson Centre Nijmegen (ParC), Institute of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.

BACKGROUND : To determine the diagnostic value of the clapping test, which has been proposed as a reliable measure to differentiate between progressive supranuclear palsy (where performance is impaired) and Parkinson’s disease (where performance should be normal).

METHODS : Our study group included a large cohort of consecutive outpatients including 44 patients with Parkinson’s disease, 48 patients with various forms of atypical parkinsonism and 149 control subjects. All subjects performed the clapping test according to a standardized protocol.

RESULTS : Clapping test performance was normal in all control subjects, and impaired in 63% of the patients with atypical parkinsonism. Unexpectedly, we also found an impaired clapping test in 29% of the patients with Parkinson’s disease.

CONCLUSION : Although the proportion with an abnormal clapping test was significantly higher in atypical parkinsonism, the clapping test did not discriminate well between Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonism.

PubMed ID#: 17934886

The “applause sign” is where you ask someone who might have PSP to clap. While clapping, you tell them to stop. The person with PSP continues to clap; it takes them awhile to stop.

In a study done by Dubois, 30 out of 42 patients diagnosed with PSP could not stop applauding immediately after being told to stop. Interestingly, none of those with FTD or PD had trouble stopping.

Here’s the abstract of the Dubois article (published 6/05 in Neurology):

*Neurology. 2005 Jun 28;64(12):2132-3.

“Applause sign” helps to discriminate PSP from FTD and PD.

Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Pillon B, Beato R, Villalponda JM, Litvan I.
INSERM, Fédération de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

“Applause sign” helps to discriminate PSP from FTD and PD
The “applause sign” is a simple test of motor control that helps to differentiate PSP from frontal or striatofrontal degenerative diseases. It was found in 0/39 controls, 0 of 24 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 0 of 17 patients with Parkinson disease (PD), and 30/42 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). It discriminated PSP from FTD (p < 0.001) and PD (p < 0.00). The “three clap test” correctly identified 81.8% of the patients in the comparison PSP and FTD and 75% of the patients in the comparison of PSP and PD.

PubMed ID#: 15985587 (see pubmed.gov)

Indiana family struggling with rare diagnosis (PSP)

My online friend Joe Blanc posted this article today to the Society for PSP’s Forum. The article is about an Indiana family coping with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The wife was diagnosed with anxiety, Alzheimer’s, and, finally, PSP. Swallowing is described as the main complication with PSP.

The concept of brain autopsy is raised in the article:

“Dr. Alberto Espay, assistant professor of Neurology at the University of Cincinnati, said it is very difficult to pinpoint PSP, and the only way to positively confirm a diagnosis is by an autopsy.”

If you are interested in making arrangements for a family member’s brain donation (or your own brain donation), please let me know. I can help!

Robin


Difficult Diagnosis 

Struggle with rare, fatal disease compels family to raise awareness
By Rebecca L. Sandlin
rsandlin@noblesvilledailytimes.com

Chris Ryan doesn’t want other families to have to go through what hers suffered when her mother, Augie O’Herren, slowly began to deteriorate.
Augie and her husband, Roger O’Herren, had lived in Noblesville for years, and she was active in the community, Ryan said. But in 1994, at the age of 62, she began to have mysterious symptoms of “light-headedness,” followed by failing eyesight, poor balance and slowed speech. “It was such a long battle of trying to figure out what’s wrong,” Ryan said. “That’s the sad state. … So many different doctors’ opinions. It’s a science – nothing perfect.”

Augie was diagnosed with everything from anxiety to Alzheimer’s disease. But the family wasn’t satisfied with the doctors’ diagnoses.
Finally, they took Augie for an evaluation at the University of Chicago. There, a doctor told them her symptoms appeared in a pattern that suggested she had progressive supranuclear palsy, or PSP – a form of Parkinson’s disease.

According to a PSP Web site, PSP is a fatal, degenerative brain disease that has no known cause, treatment or cure. It causes complete disability by progressively impairing all movement, balance, vision, speech and swallowing. PSP patients may often show alterations of mood and behavior, including depression and progressive dementia.
It is estimated between 5,000 and 10,000 people are currently afflicted with the disease and as many as 10,000 more are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.

Dr. Alberto Espay, assistant professor of Neurology at the University of Cincinnati, said it is very difficult to pinpoint PSP, and the only way to positively confirm a diagnosis is by an autopsy.

“We don’t have a readily-available blood test that we could use and say, ‘Yes – that’s what you have,” Espay said. “A high proportion of people that end up developing full-blown PSP may be misdiagnosed early on as Parkinson’s disease.”

Espay said the treatment of suspected PSP patients would be nearly the same as for Parkinson’s disease.

“We can then counsel patients as to what to expect, what to watch for so that the main sources of potential complications – namely, difficulty with swallowing … can be monitored and ideally kept at a point where they are not going to be losing the patient to complications,” he said.

Espay suggests patients go to a clinic that is dedicated to PSP research for a second opinion if they are uncomfortable with a doctor’s diagnosis.
Augie O’Herren finally succumbed to the disease in August 2006 at the age of 74. Her daughter, Kathleen O’Herren Huston, said she’s now “dancing, eating and reading – all the things she loved to do before this horrible disease took it away from her.”

Ryan said she hopes her family’s trial will help others with loved ones who are struggling with mysterious symptoms.

“Don’t give up – don’t just listen to one doctor, if your senses are telling you something different and what you’re reading is contrary,” Ryan said. “It did bring us some relief to know that we were not crazy – that all of her symptoms that she’s been complaining about actually do fit into something. … Keep on believing.”

Symptoms of PSP:
Gradual loss of certain brain cells causes slowing of movement and reduced control over walking
Balance problems
Difficulty speaking or thinking
Slow eye movement; complaints of not being able to read
Difficulty swallowing
Tight, small script when writing
On the Web
You can learn more about progressive supranuclear palsy by visiting www.psp.org. The O’Herren family journal is located at www.caringbridge.org/ visit/augieoherren.