2 main types of PSP have different FDG-PET scan findings

There is a special type of PET scan — fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) — that tests for glucose metabolism in the brain.  Such scans are only available at large medical research institutions, such as UCSF or Stanford.  There have been FDG-PET studies in the past comparing progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Parkinson’s Disease patients.

This German study takes the research a step further and looks at two different types of PSP.  In this study, 11 patients with the Richardson’s syndrome (RS) form of PSP, 8 patients with the parkinsonism form of PSP (PSP-P), 12 patients with Parkinson’s Disease, and 10 controls underwent an FDG-PET.  They found that different areas in the brain were affected in each of the PSP patient groups — thalamus and frontal lobe for RS and putamen for PSP-P.

For those who may be new to our PSP support group, let me briefly give the primary symptoms of these two most common types of PSP:

* RS, or “classic PSP”:  early onset of postural instability and falls, supranuclear vertical gaze palsy and cognitive dysfunction

* PSP-P:  asymmetric onset, tremor, a moderate initial therapeutic response to levodopa, and frequently confused with Parkinson’s disease

If you’d like to read more about the two most common types of PSP, see this post from 2005:

www.brainsupportnetwork.org/two-distinct-types-of-psp-rs-and-psp-parkinsonism/

Using this German study, we can correlate some of these primary symptoms of the two types of PSP with the FDG-PET findings:

* Reduced neurotransmitter activity levels in the thalamus are associated with falls and postural instability, and those with RS have a high frequency of falls.

* Reduced activity in the frontal lobe is associated with cognitive dysfunction, which occurs in those with RS.  (RS patients “have an increased risk for dementia.”)

* And the putamen is associated with parkinsonism symptoms, such as those seen in PSP-P.  Frontal metabolism was normal for PSP-P patients.

The authors state that the “putamen/thalamus ratio may be a useful parameter in clinical differential diagnosis of these PSP subgroups.”  This is potentially helpful for distinguishing PSP-P from PD (Parkinson’s Disease) because these two diseases are hard to differentiate in the early stages.

Limitations of this study are the small sample size and the lack of pathological confirmation of the diagnoses.  I’ve copied the abstract below.

Robin

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Movement Disorders. 2012 Jan;27(1):151-5.

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in Richardson’s syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism.

Srulijes K, Reimold M, Liscic RM, Bauer S, Dietzel E, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Berg D, Maetzler W.
Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
We hypothesized that postural instability and cognitive decline in patients with Richardson’s syndrome could be a consequence of reduced thalamic and frontal metabolism. Severe Parkinsonian signs in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism may be reflected by alterations in putaminal metabolism.

METHODS:
Eleven patients with Richardson’s syndrome, 8 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism, 12 with Parkinson’s disease, and 10 controls underwent clinical assessment and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET).

RESULTS:
Richardson’s syndrome patients showed pronounced thalamic hypometabolism, and patients with progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism pronounced putaminal hypometabolism, compared to all other investigated groups. The putamen/thalamus uptake ratio differentiated progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism from Richardson’s syndrome (area under the curve 5 0.86) and from Parkinson’s disease (area under the curve 5 0.80) with acceptable accuracy. Frontal hypometabolism was predominantly found in Richardson’s syndrome patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
Richardson’s syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease showed different metabolic patterns in fluorodeoxyglucose PET.

PubMed ID#:  #22359740  (see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22359740 for this abstract only)

Review of davunetide in the treatment of PSP

This review article was written by researchers at Allon Therapeutics (manufacturers of the experimental medication davunetide, which is currently in clinical trials around the world) and some of the world’s top progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) experts.

The theory behind davunetide, animal research, and clinical research (in humans with amnestic mild cognitive impairment) were reviewed in a webinar for laypeople held last year (2-8-11).  See my notes on the webinar here:

https://www.brainsupportnetwork.org/davunetide-research-update-webinar-2-8-2011/

One of the co-authors of this paper was the Allon Therapeutics presenter of the webinar, Dr. Bruce Morimoto.

There were two new bits of info for me in the review of davunetide animal and human research:

* davunetide has also been tested in alpha-synuclein models, so it may have relevance to Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy, and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

* davunetide has also been tested in an exploratory trial in cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.

The review article’s section on “Challenges and opportunities for clinical trials in PSP” was fascinating.  Some aspects of this section were reviewed by Dr. Adam Boxer from UCSF at a conference in LA last year for PSP families.  He explained why pharmaceutical companies are inclined to conduct research with PSP patients rather than Alzheimer’s patients.  The info provided in the article takes all of what Dr. Boxer said a step further.  The authors explain why the davunetide trial going on now in PSP limited the patients to those with the classic form of PSP, called Richardson’s syndrome.

The authors referred to German research which indicates that although both PSP “patients and relatives frequently seek medical treatment, their willingness to participate in clinical trials has been surprisingly low historically.”  Indeed, I only know of one caregiver group member whose wife participated in the lithium trial, only one caregiver group member whose father participated in the transcranial magnetic simulation study, and very few group members who have participated in the NIH-funded study of genetic and environmental causes of PSP.  Unfortunately, participating in these trials has not been easy.  On the other hand, probably half of our caregiver group members donate their family member’s brain upon death, which is certainly one vital means of enabling PSP research.

By the end of 2012, we should see a paper on the davunetide clinical trial and the Nypta clinical trial.  These are exciting times for the PSP community.

I’ve copied the abstract of the review article below.

Robin

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Neuropsychiatric Disease & Treatment. 2012;8:85-93. Epub 2012 Feb 9.

Critical appraisal of the role of davunetide in the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy.

Gold M, Lorenzl S, Stewart AJ, Morimoto BH, Williams DR, Gozes I.
Allon Therapeutics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of tau protein aggregates in the basal ganglia, brainstem and cerebral cortex leading to rapid disease progression and death. The neurofibrillary tangles that define the neuropathology of PSP are comprised of aggregated 4R tau and show a well-defined distribution.

Classically, PSP is diagnosed by symptoms that include progressive gait disturbance, early falls, vertical ophthalmoparesis, akinetic-rigid features, prominent bulbar dysfunction and fronto-subcortical dementia.

There are currently no effective therapies for the treatment of this rapidly degenerating and debilitating disease. Davunetide is a novel neuroprotective peptide that is thought to impact neuronal integrity and cell survival through the stabilization of microtubules. Preclinical activity in models of tauopathy has been translated to clinical studies, demonstrating pharmacologic activity that has supported further development. Davunetide’s efficacy and tolerability are being tested in a placebo-controlled study in PSP patients, making it the most advanced drug candidate in this indication.

This review examines the disease characteristics of PSP, the rationale for treating PSP with davunetide and assesses some of the challenges of clinical trials in this patient population.

PubMed ID#:  22347799  (see pubmed.gov for this abstract only)

Case Study of LA Man with PSP

Some of you met Loretta Mazorra at the CurePSP conference in Los Angeles.  She spoke about her husband’s struggle to get a diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).  I believe her husband was an MD, and it seemed that the medical community did not serve him well.  Loretta is a retired geriatric nurse practitioner.

Loretta, along with a nursing colleague, have published an article on PSP in the Journal of Gerontological Nursing.

Quite a bit of the article is about Mr. A, with PSP, and Mrs. A, his wife.  The couple took advantage of lots of the support resources available — local support group (in LA), PSP Forum, and the monthly telephone support meetings.  I don’t believe Mr. A’s brain was donated upon his death as we are not told that the diagnosis was confirmed upon brain autopsy.  (He didn’t have all of the symptoms of “classic PSP” or the Richardson’s syndrome type as he did not seem to have cognitive impairment.)

The abstract to the article is copied below.

Robin

Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2012 Feb 15:1-4. [Epub ahead of print]

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Mazorra L, Cadogan MP.

Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is the second-most-common parkinsonian neurodegenerative disorder following Parkinson’s disease. Although PSP was first identified clinically more than 40 years ago, it remains poorly recognized and underdiagnosed. Using an individual example, this article describes the epidemiology, neuropathology, clinical course, supportive management strategies, and resources for patients with PSP and their families.

PubMed ID#: 22329395  (see pubmed.gov for this short abstract only)

Sharon’s Treatment Regimen for CBD (revised in 2012)

I know Sharon Comden from the CBD-related online support group.  She was diagnosed with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) in 2009.  She has a doctorate in public health from UCLA and, as you’ll see, she’s one smart cookie.

Sharon gave me her permission to circulate three recent posts in early 2012 about her treatment regimen (using supplements).  As CBD and PSP are similar disorders, her approach may be of interest to those with PSP (progressive supranuclear palsy).

One insignificant change I made to her posts is that I substituted “CBD” for “CBG.”  The old acronym for CBD was CBGD.

Sharon asks that you contact her via the CBD-related online support group (if you are a member there).  Let me know if you want to join; I’m a moderator of the group.

Robin

Editor’s Note: Sharon Comden died in late 2015. We at Brain Support Network were honored to help her make advance arrangements for her brain donation. She was a remarkable woman.

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(In this post, Sharon is responding to Elaine, whose mother is 91 and has a CBD diagnosis.)

Re: Treatment Options for PSP and CBD (Review)
Posted by: “Sharon Comden”
Date: Wed Feb 15, 2012 5:14 am ((PST))

Elaine, I have had CBD since 2009, when the first symptoms of hand apraxia (difficulty w/zippers, putting earrings on, and later deterioration of keyboard skills) showed up. In late 2010, I began having speech issues–slowing and intermittent difficulty pronouncing some words. It got progressively worse and my search of the “emerging therapies” literature paid off for me; I’ve seen significant improvements over the last eight months that I’ve been on my supplement regimen. My symptoms included: loss of sensation and fine motor coordination of my fingers (apraxia), slowed gait and upper limb movements, curling fingers of both hands when at rest (dystonia), speech slower and more hesitant than normal and difficulty pronouncing polysyllable words like “degenerative.”

Since there are no medical treatments currently available, I decided to look for promising therapies that had good preliminary results in animal studies, seeking low toxicity “emerging therapies” based on lab research results, if not clinical trials. I also contacted leading researchers with many years of experience working with drugs/supplements that act on neurodegenerative diseases. I have a doctorate in public health from UCLA and have research training (though not in neuroscience). I don’t pretend to understand everything–this is very technical research–but I am fairly confident in what I’m personally taking to delay progression of my CBD. It takes a multifactorial approach to combat CBD/PSP because there is no magic bullet that impacts all the elements of this disease, so a cocktail of different drugs/supplements is necessary, depending on what symptoms or part of the disease process we want to target.

Last May, I started taking 1000 mgs of bioavailable curcumin (Longvida, available in capsule and powder forms from phytosensia.com) w/ at least 500 mgs. vit. C and one 1200 mgs enteric coated DHA/omega 3 fish oil from Costco (Kirkland brand) on an empty stomach in the morning and at bedtime. Like your Mother, I also take 600 mgs. of CoQ10.

After four weeks on the curcumin/DHA/etc., I began to see improvements in my speech, at 4.5 weeks the curling fingers were gone, and my gait/limb movements returned to normal speed. Those benefits continue and most of the time, my speech is near normal. I subsequently lowered my dose of Longvida to 500 mgs. to twice a day after a few weeks, following what I call the initial induction phase when the curcumin levels are rising to therapeutic levels in the brain.

At the suggestion of my neurologist, I’ve added 25 grams of trehalose (NeuroCoatT, 1 tablespoon twice a day dissolved in a beverage or with food), a commercial sweetener shown to be safe and beneficial with Huntington’s Disease. It seems to be improving my articulation as well and compliments the action of the Longvida formulation curcumin. I understand there will be a clinical trial of the Longvida formulation, perhaps later this year. I also take a baby aspirin every other day.

Your Mother’s advanced age may or may not color her response to this regimen, all reputable over-the-counter supplements. Some caveats:

1. There is data available on the safety/efficacy of these supplements in animals and often humans too, but limited or no data on what happens when you take several concurrently. Many are common foodstuffs, e.g. curcumin (tumeric), trehalose (widely used commercial sweetener), but there is a risk that some combinations don’t work together or produce adverse reactions. Since I know what will happen if I do nothing, my personal decision is to accept that risk and keep good records of what I’m taking and how I respond. After eight plus months, I can report only benefits.

2. It takes three to six weeks to see changes after you start taking some supplements because it takes that long for them to build to therapeutic levels. Sometimes you feel a bit out of focus mentally before you feel better too. The “fuzziness” cleared up in a couple of weeks. I’ve been taking this combination for 8.5 months with no ill effects.

I hope your Mom does well with these supplements, if she decides to try them. This combination is based on hundreds of hours of reviewing scientific papers to find something that offers some hope for tauopathy sufferers (see First and Second Line of Defense maps on Yahoo CBD website). It’s the best we can do for ourselves right now, while researchers are looking for a cure.

Best regards,
Sharon Comden, Dr.PH

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(In this second post, Sharon is responding to Dawn, whose husband has a CBD (corticobasal degeneration) diagnosis and has not had the use of his left hand for over a year.  Dawn’s husband takes Aricept, Cipralex, and Crestor.)


Re: Treatment Options for PSP and CBD (Review)
Posted by: “Sharon Comden”
Date: Wed Feb 15, 2012 4:26 pm ((PST))

Dawn, this is a learning journey. My Mayo neurologist is cautiously watching what I’m doing–but he has also told colleagues about it and the results so far–so he is respectful of what appear to be symptom reversal for some things. I would normally refer you to your neurologist to help you assess potential contraindications, however, the likelihood of help there is about nil because outside of the research community, most neurologists are unfamiliar with supplements. I can share several scientific papers supporting the regimen, if you or your physician wants some reading.

As you note, I still enjoy a high level of function. Your husband may get some or no symptomatic relief at his stage; we just don’t know until the clinical trials are done with people at different disease stages. Here is reason to hope because at least one study of late curcumin intervention with mice, suggests that cognitive function can be improved by curcumin even in later stages of disease. We don’t have the luxury of waiting three to five years for human clinical trial results, unfortunately. Here is how I would proceed if it were my husband.

*    Crestor is a hybrid drug that can adversely affect muscles through its “statin” component. The evidence of the value of CoQ10 to treat myopathies caused by statin drugs is mixed, but some physicians advise their statin patients to take CoQ10 to reduce risks of side effects, so it would seem reasonable that the 600 mgs. in the anti-CBD regimen (300 mgs. morning and at bedtime) would not be contraindicated. To the contrary, there is evidence of benefit in neurodegenerative disease. Lahey Clinic has a clinical trial with PSP patients on very high doses of CoQ10.

*    The most powerful component of the anti-CBD regimen is the Longvida curcumin, originally developed in the lab of respected UCLA  researchers Drs. Sally Frautschy and Greg Cole and subsequently licensed by the University to an outside manufacturer. If your husband is  debilitated or sensitive to drugs in general, you might start with less Longvida and build up to the 1000 mgs. morning and at bedtime. One of curcumin’s actions is it stimulates autophagy, the cellular clean-up mechanism for the fragments of tau proteins created during abnormal hyperphosphorylation and destruction of normal neuron function. Not surprisingly, I did notice some cognitive effects after a week or so at a 1000 mgs. and my solitaire scores went down 500-1000 points. The fuzziness abated and the scores returned to normal after about three or four weeks. That is also when I began to see functional improvements.

*    I would start the regimen as described in the last post, but leave out the trehalose, so you can first establish his response to the curcumin.

Keep good notes of what he is taking and changes in his condition. You have to use your judgment if he reacts poorly to the supplements. Even with FDA approved drugs, sometime people will have adverse reactions.

TIPS: digestion of a meal will interfere with the absorption of the curcumin in the gut, so take it at least 45 minutes before or after meals. Liquids are ok and if swallowing capsules is a problem, it’s ok to mix the curcumin into yogurt, a smoothie; even hot liquids like a latte or cocoa are ok. The manufacturer, Phytosensia, sells it in powder form as well as capsules.

www.phytosensia.com/Longvida-Curcumin-Supplements.item

I have problems opening the capsules, so the powder is great. Rough measure if you elect to use the powder is one-quarter tsp = 500 mg and one-half tsp = 1000 mgs. It doesn’t taste bad either–cinnamon works well in hot cocoa to blend the flavors nicely and I like it in peach yogurt.

Let me know if you decide to proceed or if you want more information.

Sharon

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(In this post, Sharon is responding to me, when I’ve told her that her analysis is incredibly impressive.)


Re: Treatment Options for PSP and CBD (Review)
Posted by: “Sharon Comden”
Date: Wed Feb 15, 2012 4:49 pm ((PST))

Robin, thanks for the compliment. There is a strong possibility of a Longvida trial. The animal studies are very promising, as well as the results from my n=1 experiment. As you know, buying time until the cure is found is essential for tauopathy patients. I believe that I have bought time with this regimen. Coupled with regular exercise and cognitively challenging work–I feel good most all the time.

Caregiving tips from PSP caregiver

Online friend Jim posted these suggestions recently about caring for his wife.
He was responding to a family dealing with a new diagnosis and wanted to
offer suggestions on how to cope with changes.  Jim’s wife has
progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).  These tips apply to all the disorders
in our group.

Posted by Jim
February 13, 2012
Posted to PSPinformation

 

It also took years for me to get a PSP diagnosis for my wife.
Unfortunately, it’s a good-news/bad-news situation. Good that you can stop
searching out new doctors to get a correct diagnosis, but bad news in that
there is no treatment for PSP. When a neuro finally said he knew what my
wife had, he looked very sad. He said, “She has PSP; I’m sorry”. It
was only later that I figured out why the ‘I’m sorry’.

 

My wife fell several times with her walker. We finally stopped that and
went to a wheelchair to keep her safe. She couldn’t use her arms, so her
travel is restricted to me pushing her around. I also have an inexpensive
shower/toilet chair which we use in a roll-in shower as my wife is no longer
strong enough to stand in the shower while being bathed.

 

A helpful tool to be used when moving your mother around as her mobility
declines is a ‘lazy Susan’ type disk which she can stand on and be used to
pivot her onto the commode; into a chair; even into the seat of an
automobile.
I smeared “shoe Goo” on the bottom of the bottom disk, to prevent it from
sliding on smooth surfaces.,

 

Having been on this List for quite some time, I have noticed the
pattern that the disease often takes a step downward following a traumatic
event such as surgery or a bad fall.

 

My wife can no longer speak as she has been unable to open her mouth
for some months now. I try and use a white board to draw picture symbols
for HUNGER, THIRST, PAIN, TOILET, etc. She can also sometimes blink
for ‘Yes’. [While your family member can still speak} establish some ground
rules.

While the wife and I long ago agreed that we could not

have a feeding tube inserted in the stomach, we HAVE been successful in
feeding her by squirting pureed food into her mouth in short spurts between
swallows. (I use 60 ml plastic syringes available at medical supply
stores/pharmacies).

 

[Members here] recommended we buy the Magic Bullet blender to puree food.
It is a lifesaver. Last night I used the syringe to feed a pureed meal of
pork chops, mashed potatoes and gravy (thinned with beef broth). We
bought the Magic Bullet at a reasonable price at Target Stores. It comes
with several jars, lids, and two grinding devices. It will puree almost
anything.

 

My wife’s daily feeding routine is BREAKFAST: Yoghurt and thickened
coffee. LUNCH: Chocolate, strawberry, or vanilla “boost” with ice cream
added. SUPPER: Various rich soups, stews, or mixed foods such as
chicken pot pie, roast beef and potatoes, pork chops, etc.

Best of luck,
Jim