CaregiverTeleconnection is a service offered by WellMed, a charity based in San Anontio. These are one-hour conference calls (audio only) on topics of interest to caregivers and family members. You can find information on these conference calls at caregiverteleconnection.org.
In late May 2017, one of the audio talks featured Tam Cummings, a getontologist. Her topic was the “A’s of Dementia.” She covered:
* amnesia: loss of memory; see in Alzheimer’s
* atypical depression: causing irritability and aggression, often treated with dangerous, ineffective, antipsychotics
* aphasia: loss of the ability to understand and express speech
* agnosia: inability to recognize people, objects, sounds, shapes, or smells
* apraxia: inability to have purposeful body movements
Brain Support Network (BSN) focuses on three non-Alzheimer’s dementias including Lewy body dementia (LBD), and two rare dementias, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD).
Certainly atypical depression, aphasia, and agnosia can happen with any of the BSN disorders. Amnesia can happen in any of the BSN disorders *if* Alzheimer’s co-occurs. And apraxia is part of the diagnostic criteria for CBD.
The speaker begins the talk by explaining that there are many types of dementia. She notes that as more and more of the brain is engulfed in the disease process, neurological symptoms of each type of dementia overlap. She also explains how damage to specific parts of the brain result in loss of certain skills.
Brain Support Network volunteer Denise Dagan listened to the talk and took some notes. See below.
Robin
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Denise’s Notes from
The A’s of Dementia
Speaker: Tam Cummings, PhD
CaregiverTeleconnection (Caregiver SOS) Audio Conference
May 23, 2017
Dr. Cummings began by defining dementia as cognitive deficit that impairs one’s ability to perform the activities of daily living (ADLs), affecting at least two lobes of the brain, progressive, and terminal. She explained that there are many kinds of dementia and recommends people ask the same types of questions about dementia that we would ask about cancer.
– What type of dementia?
– It is inheritable?
– How do I treat it?
Atypical Depression – not the features are what we visualize as someone who is withdrawn, but angry, annoyed, easily agitated, can be aggressive, possibly increased anxiety.
* Should be placed on antidepressants, but are often on anti-psychotics because of this behavior.
* Anti-psychotics should not be used with those who have dementia because of an increase risk of heart attack and stroke. Often we think the anti-psychotic is effective because it is sedative, but it takes 3 weeks to actually control behavior.
* Antidepressants also take 4-6 weeks for max efficacy because needs to be ramped up to a therapeutic value. Antidepressants may be effective for one person but not another so may need to cycle through several to find one that’s works. Once you find one that works, antidepressants should never be removed, even while on hospice.
* If someone with dementia has other med issues with symptoms that causing anxiety, like the difficulty breathing that accompanies COPD, they should also be on an anti-anxiety medication.
Forms of dementia:
Early onset [diagnosed as early as 20’s, either familial (family groups in Germany & Bolivia) or sporadic (1-off gene mutation)]
Downs syndrome
Regular onset (65-80)
Late onset (80’s-90s)
Lewy Body Dementia (LBD)
Vascular (multiple types)
Fronto-Temporal Dementias (FTDs) (multiple types)
Parkinson’s dementia
Alcohol dementia
Huntington’s dementia
Encephalopathies
Mixed Dementia (Example: Alzheimer’s + Vascular)
7-stages of Alzheimer’s Dementia:
#1 is health
#2 is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) – periodic confusion or forgetfulness, but able to complete all ADLs
#3 is early stage and Dr. should be able to tell which type you have.
#4 is moderate decline – difficulty w/simple math, forget life history details, poor short term memory, inability to pay bills
#5 is moderately severe decline – begin to need help with many day-to-day activities, significant confusion, difficulty dressing
#6 is severe decline – need constant supervision, frequently require professional care
#7 is very severe decline – nearing death, inability to respond or communicate, need assistance with all ADLs
How does dementia cause death? Brain cell death prevents neurological system and cognition from working properly. As disease moves into more lobes of the brain, new symptoms (like paranoia in the frontal lobe), will appear.
In Alzheimer’s the first area of the brain damaged is hippocampus, which converts experiences into memories. When the hippocampus is damaged, it cannot do this, resulting in amnesia.
Symptoms don’t appear until the brain has lost 1/3 of its volume. People can usually still drive and don’t look ill so odd or forgetful behavior may be taken as intentional. They are not doing it on purpose. Writing things down so they will remember, yelling at them, etc. will not change their forgetfulness.
From hippocampus, usually Alzheimer’s next affects the temporal lobe (hearing, facial recognition, language, social conversation). Damage to the left temporal lobe reduces the ability to express their difficulty in understanding your instructions, but they can still carry on a very social conversation and cuss. It appears they are taking in details of conversation when they are really following a social script they learned during early development as a child.
Aphasia – loss of the ability to understand and express speech. Stage 5 understands 1 of every 10 words you say to them.
Frontal lobes – family, education, impulse control, emotional expression, memory, judgement, problem solving, language
Occipital lobes – the visual processing center for facial recognition, depth perception, visual acuity.
Damage to temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes causes Agnosia – inability to recognize people, objects, sounds, etc. You can see this when they begin to confuse toothbrush and hairbrush, a cordless phone and the remote control, etc.
Everything we can do is built on our memories. Your brain as a file cabinet. Each thing we do saved in a separate file. Example: Driving in general, in traffic, in snow, a clutch, an automatic, in heavy rain, on ice = 7 files on driving.
Your first file was Mom and you built from there in order of your maturation through each stage of life.
Alzheimer’s erases those memories in reverse order.
* When they don’t recognize you as their daughter, they have lost their memories of being the ages during which they raised you.
* When they start saying they want to go home they feel very young. It is an emotional memory so they don’t recognized the house where they grew up when you take them there. Your response should be to treat them as if they are a small child on a sleepover who wants to go home in the middle of the night. You reassure them, make them feel comfortable, try to fulfill that emotional memory by ensuring they have their favorite pajamas, sheets, blankets, pillow, smells, etc.
Apraxia shows up when the parietal lobe is affected. Inability to have purposeful body movements. They can’t tell they have urinated or defecated. They can’t control their motor functions so they can’t walk. Eventually won’t swallow well so they will aspirate and die of pneumonia. They lose taste, body temperature fluctuates, touch is the last to go so give them something soothing to hold, gentle massage, etc.
Question and Answer
Q: Caller’s mom believes she is bathing, but isn’t, and resists help bathing.
A: Culture tells women it is unseemly to be nude around others so they are often more difficult to bathe than men. Indoor plumbing, may be unfamiliar to her if she grew up without and can’t remember how to use modern facilities. Try helping her with a sponge bath, like she bathed as a child, instead. Showers also can be chilly air with too hot water for someone with dementia. Don’t worry about bathing daily because they’re not doing heavy labor. Try using a bathing poncho and distract them with chocolate, singing a simple song with you or some sort of hand-held manipulative. Don’t even mention bathing. Start with feet and move up.
Q: Caller wants to inhibit compulsive behaviors.
A: Answer is these repetitive behaviors, like rubbing the head, rocking, etc. are self-soothing. Sometimes they are destructive, like picking at things, pulling out eyebrows, etc. An anti-anxiety medication is the only thing that will stop this because you can only distract them from the behavior for a short time.
Q: Caller’s husband claps frequently, which disturbs others in the living environment. Caller says he doesn’t participate in activities offered. He watches the group activity and claps.
A: This is self-stimulating, so he’s bored. Clappers are typically stage 6 and can’t do group activities, but an activity blanket, activity shirt, or activity pillow will give him something to fiddle with. One-on-one activities will also stimulate him. If he enjoys cats and/or dogs, he may enjoy a visiting animal or stuffed animal, especially if he had pets as a child because those old memories are the only memories he has left.
Don’t fall for buying a robotic animal. The sound and movement may be too stimulating. These work better with young people who have brain injury, rather than dementia.
Caller’s husband complains of headaches, also he can read but not retain or comprehend it.
First you learn the letters, then sound out the words, then how sentences go together, and finally comprehension. Someone with Alzheimer’s has lost the more advanced reading skills, so they don’t comprehend, but can still read words. Her husband may also have mixed dementia, like Alzheimer’s + Vascular, mini-strokes (especially if he’s taking blood pressure meds, anti-coagulants, etc.) or he may say he has a headache, but his foot actually hurts and he’s using the wrong word for where it hurts.
Robin